If About Conditional

          For the non-custodial punishment for a crime in Canada, see Conditional sentence (Canada).

Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the context.
A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition, called the protasis; and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis.^[1] An example of such a sentence (in English) is the following:

If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.

Here the condition is expressed by the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", this being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it rains".) In terms of logic, the protasis corresponds to the antecedent, and the apodosis to the consequent.
Languages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The forms of verbs used in the protasis and apodosis are often subject to particular rules as regards their tense and mood. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form called the conditional mood – broadly equivalent in meaning to the English "would (do something)" – for use in some types of conditional sentence.

Types of conditional sentence

There are various ways of classifying conditional sentences. One distinction is between those that state an implication between facts, and those that set up and refer to a hypothetical situation. There is also the distinction between conditionals that are considered factual or predictive, and those that are considered counterfactual or speculative (referring to a situation that did not or does not really exist).

Implicative and predictive

A conditional sentence expressing an implication (also called a factual conditional sentence) essentially states that if one fact holds, then so does another. (If the sentence is not a declarative sentence, then the consequence may be expressed as an order or a question rather than a statement.) The facts are usually stated in whatever grammatical tense is appropriate to them; there are not normally special tense or mood patterns for this type of conditional sentence. Such sentences may be used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc. (in these cases if may often be replaced by when):

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.

They can also be used for logical deductions about particular circumstances (which can be in various mixtures of past, present and future):

If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.

If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.

If it's raining now, there will be mushrooms to be picked next week.

If he locked the door, then Kitty is trapped inside.

A predictive conditional sentence concerns a situation dependent on a hypothetical (but entirely possible) future event. The consequence is normally also a statement about the future, although it may also be a consequent statement about present or past time (or a question or order).

If I become President, I'll lower taxes.

If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.

If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.

If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.

What will you do if he invites you?

If you see them, shoot!

Counterfactual

Main article: Counterfactual conditional

In a counterfactual or speculative^[2] conditional sentence, a situation is described as dependent on a condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The time frame of the hypothetical situation may be past, present or future, and the time frame of the condition does not always correspond to that of the consequence. For example:

If I were king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

If he said that to me, I would run away.

If you had called me, I would have come.

If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

The difference in meaning between a "counterfactual" conditional with a future time frame, and a "predictive" conditional as described in the previous section, may be slight. For example, there is no great practical difference in meaning between "If it rained tomorrow, I would cancel the match" and "If it rains tomorrow, I will cancel the match".
It is in the counterfactual type of conditional sentence that the grammatical form called the conditional mood (meaning something like the English "would ...") is most often found. For the uses of particular verb forms and grammatical structures in the various types and parts of conditional sentences in certain languages, see the following sections.

Grammar of conditional sentences

Languages have different rules concerning the grammatical structure of conditional sentences. These may concern the syntactic structure of the condition clause (protasis) and consequence (apodosis), as well as the forms of verbs used in them (particularly their tense and mood). Rules for English and certain other languages are described below; more information can be found in the articles on the grammars of individual languages. (Some languages are also described in the article on the conditional mood.)

English

Main article: English conditional sentences

In English conditional sentences, the condition clause (protasis) is most commonly introduced by the conjunction if, or sometimes other conjunctions or expressions such as unless, provided (that), providing (that) and as long as. Certain condition clauses can also be formulated using inversion without any conjunction (should you fail...; were he to die...; had they helped us... ; see also the corresponding section about inversion in the English subjunctive article).
In English language teaching, conditional sentences are often classified under the headings zero conditional, first conditional (or conditional I), second conditional (or conditional II), third conditional (or conditional III) and mixed conditional, according to the grammatical pattern followed.^[3] A range of variations on these structures are possible.

Zero conditional

"Zero conditional.. refers to conditional sentences that express a simple implication (see above section), particularly when both clauses are in the present tense:

If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.

This form of the conditional expresses the idea that a universally known fact is being described:

If you touch a flame, you burn yourself.

The act of burning oneself only happens on the condition of the first clause being completed. However such sentences can be formulated with a variety of tenses (and moods), as appropriate to the situation.

First conditional

"First conditional" refers to predictive conditional sentences (see above section); here, normally, the condition is expressed using the present tense and the consequence using the future:

If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.

Second conditional

"Second conditional" refers to the pattern where the condition clause is in the past tense, and the consequence in conditional mood (using would or, in the first person and rarely, should). This is used for hypothetical, counterfactual situations in a present or future time frame (where the condition expressed is known to be false or is presented as unlikely).

If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.

If it were to rain tomorrow, I would dance in the street.

The past tense used in the condition clause is historically the past subjunctive; however in modern English this is identical to the past indicative except in certain dialects in the case of the verb be (first and third person singular), where the indicative is was and the subjunctive were. In this case either form may be used (was is more colloquial, and were more formal, although the phrase if I were you is common in colloquial language too):

If I (he, she, it) was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for this project.

Third conditional

"Third conditional" is the pattern where the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the consequence is expressed using the conditional perfect. This is used to refer to hypothetical, counterfactual (or believed likely to be counterfactual) situations in the past

If you had called me, I would have come.

Mixed conditionals

"Mixed conditional" usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals (the counterfactual patterns). Here either the condition or the consequence, but not both, has a past time reference:

If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.

Tugsas Softskill ke - 2

 Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is also called a relative clause or an adjectival clause. A clause is a group of words that have a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. Independent clauses are sentences because they express a complete thought. Examples are: “The dog ran away.” and “Get the door.” In the second one, the subject is implied. To explain the function of an adjective clause, we will look at dependent clauses.

Dependent Clauses

Dependent clauses have the subject and predicate but can not stand alone. They depend on another clause to have meaning. Examples are: “When you finish your work” and "unless I get more money.” With each of these, you want to ask “What?” because the thought was not finished. Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses and they start with a subordinate conjunction. This is the word that links the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.
Examples of subordinate conjunctions are: how, where, when, why, unless, although, after, as far as, as if, because, before, once, whether, while, now that, until, since, and unless.
The three types of dependent clauses are:

• Adverbial (or adverb) - Adverbial clauses function as an adverb and answer the questions: when, where, why, how, and how much. Examples include: “Now that it rained a lot, the grass turned green.” and “I am much olderthan my brother.”

• Nominal - Nominal clauses function as a noun and can be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement. Sometimes nominal clauses start with an interrogative like: who, what, when, where, how, who, which, or why. Examples of nominal clauses are: “They always fought overwho should pay the bill” and “Whoever did thisis in big trouble.”

• Adjectival (or adjective)

What Is an Adjective Clause

Adjectives clauses have a subject and a verb (or predicate). They will start with a relative pronoun, like: that, who, whom, whose, or which, or a relative adverb, like why, where, or when. Adjective clauses function as an adjective and modify nouns and pronouns. They are also called relative clauses.
Just as the other dependent clauses, the adjective clause does not express a complete thought. It does not need commas separating it from the rest of the sentence if it has essential information in it; that is if you need the information it provides. If it gives additional information, then you use commas. A good way to test for this is to leave out the clause, read the sentence, and see if the meaning of the two sentences is different.
Here are some examples of adjective clauses. The adjective clause is underlined.

• Chocolate, which many of us adore, is fattening.
• People who are smart follow the rules.
• I can remember the time when there were no computers.
• Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.
• Wine that is produced in Tuscany is not cheap.

Adjectives

Since adjective clauses act like adjectives, you may want more information about adjectives. Some adjectives express the writer’s opinion of a noun or pronoun, like silly, lovely, awful, and outrageous. These are called opinion adjectives.
Some adjectives are descriptive, telling about the physical characteristics of size, shape, color, or age. Examples include: huge, wee, rectangular, oval, bluish, purple, new, and ancient.
An origin adjective tells where an object originated or where is came from. These are adjectives like: eastern, lunar, Egyptian, or German.
The composition of a noun or pronoun will be described by a material adjective.  Examples are: woolen, plastic, metal, or silk.
Some adjectives tell what purpose an object is used for. These many times end with an “ing.” Some examples include: baking, fishing, testing, or hunting.
Lastly, some adjectives compare and have levels of comparison. These are words like: “good, better, best”, “dry, drier, driest”, and “beautiful, more beautiful, and most beautiful." Other adjectives compare but only on one level, like: unique, main, impossible, final, and inevitable.

Noun Clause

A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the English words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it.
Examples:

• I know who said that. (I know him/her. The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".)
• Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong. The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)

Sometimes in English a noun clause is used without the introductory word.
Example:

• I know that he is here.
• I know he is here.

In some cases, use of the introductory word, though grammatically correct, may sound cumbersome in English, and the introductory word may be omitted.
Example:

• I think that it is pretty. (less common)
• I think it is pretty. (more common).

About Myself

Before we begin, I’d like to introduce myself and give you a little bit about my family background. First of all, my name is Eko, sounds Javanese, right?

Because my father is from Semarang the capital city of Central Java and my mother is from Cianjur, West Java. I was born in Cianjur, April 1^st 1988.

I went to elementary school in SD 07 pagi Cijantung. After I graduated, I continued my study in SMP 103 Cijantung. And then I went to SMAN 39 as my senior highschool, also in Cijantung. I was a hockey player back in highschool. We won several cups against hockey teams around South East Asia. I was called by the National Team in 2006. That was my biggest achievement in my career as a hockey player.

Besides the fact that I was a hockey player, I’m also such a huge fan of Kurt Cobain of Nirvana. I’ve been listening to his music when I was in junior high school. I often listen to rock music in general, and that includes music such as, Classic Rock, Alternative, Heavy Metal etc. I also like listening to EDM (Electronic Dance Music) like Calvin Harris, David Guetta, Skrillex, Zedd and Matthew Koma.

Maybe that’s enough about music, lets back up a little bit and talk about my parents. My father works at PT. Kuala Pelabuhan Indonesia under Freeport McMorran in Timika, Papua. While my mother is a housewife. My father used to tell me that I have to do something good to other people, that is something I have to live with.

I always want to be an entrepreneur so that I can provide field jobs for poor people. I want to be someone that people will always remember me as a good loving person and useful to others.

Phrasal Verbs

The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to two or three distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable. Phrasal verbs that include a preposition are known as prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known as particle verbs. Additional alternative terms for phrasal verb are compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle construction, two-part word/verb, and three-part word/verb (depending on the number of particles), and multi-word verb.

 Examples

One can discern at least three main types of phrasal verb constructions depending upon whether the verb combines with a preposition, a particle, or both. The words constituting the phrasal verb constructions in the following examples are in bold:

Verb + preposition (prepositional phrasal verbs)
a. Who is looking after the kids? – after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids.
b. They pick on Alex. – on is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase on Alex.
c. I ran into an old friend. – into is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase into an old friend.
d. She takes after her mother. – after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after her mother.
e. Sam passes for a linguist. – for is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase for a linguist.
f. You should stand by your friend. – by is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase by your friend.

Verb + particle (particle phrasal verbs)
a. They brought that up twice. – up is a particle, not a preposition.
b. You should think it over. – over is a particle, not a preposition.
c. Why does he always dress down? – down is a particle, not a preposition.
d. You should not give in so quickly. – in is a particle, not a preposition.
e. Where do they want to hang out? – out is a particle, not a preposition.
f. She handed it in. – in is a particle, not a preposition.

Verb + particle + preposition (particle-prepositional phrasal verbs)
a. Who can put up with that? – up is a particle and with is a preposition.
b. She is looking forward to a rest. – forward is a particle and to is a preposition.
c. The other tanks were bearing down on my panther. – down is a particle and on is a preposition.
d. They were really teeing off on me. – off is a particle and on is a preposition.
e. We loaded up on Mountain Dew and chips. – up is a particle and on is a preposition
f. Susan has been sitting in for me. – in is a particle and for is a preposition.


 The difference between these types of phrasal verbs lies with the status of the element(s) that appear in addition to the verb. When the element is a preposition, it is the head of a full prepositional phrase and the phrasal verb is a thus a prepositional phrasal verb. When the element is a particle, it can not (or no longer) be construed as a preposition, but rather is a particle because it does not take a complement. Finally, many phrasal verbs are combined with both a preposition and a particle.

The aspect of these types of phrasal verbs that unifies them under the single banner phrasal verb is the fact that their meaning cannot be understood based upon the meaning of their parts taken in isolation. When one picks on someone, one is not selecting that person for something, but rather one is harassing them. When one hangs out, one is in no way actually hanging from anything. The meaning of the two or more words together is often drastically different from what one might guess it to be, based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation.

As a class, particle phrasal verbs belong to the same category as the so-called separable verbs of other Germanic languages. They are commonly found in everyday, informal speech as opposed to more formal English and Latinate verbs, such as to get together rather than to congregate, to put off rather than to postpone (or to defer), or to do up rather than to fasten.

Etika Bisnis Dengan Kinerja Perusahaan

Etika Bisnis Dengan Kinerja Perusahaan

Etika dibutuhkan dalam bisnis ketika manusia mulai menyadari bahwa kemajuan dalam bidang bisnis justru telah menyebabkan manusia semakin tersisih nilai-nilai kemanusiaannya (humanistic). Sehingga, di kalangan pelaku bisnis muncul mitos bahwa bisnis adalah bisnis. Bisnis hanyalah mengabdi pada keuntungan sebanyak-banyaknya (profit oriented). Dalam kaitan ini Richard T De George (1986) menyebutnya sebagai mitos bisnis amoral. Telah bergulir suatu image, bahwa bisnis tidak boleh (jangan) dicampuradukkan dengan moral.
Karena tuntutan publik dan hukum itulah, maka bisnis saat ini harus memberlakukan “being ethical and social responsibility”. Dengan berlaku etis dan mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial, bisnis akan langgeng dan akan terjadi hubungan jangka panjang dengan pelanggan, pemasok, dan pihak lainnya. Pelanggan akan membeli produk sebuah perusahaan yang mempunyai reputasi terbaik dalam tanggung jawab sosial bilamana kualitas, pelayanan, dan harga sama di antara para pesaing.
Etika bisnis mempunyai pengaruh lebih luas daripada peraturan formal. Melanggar atau melupakan masalah etika akan menghancurkan kepercayaan. Kegiatan untuk mencari etika bisnis tersebut menyangkut empat macam kegiatan, yaitu:
1. Menerapkan prinsip-prinsip etika umum pada khususnya atau praktek-praktek khusus dalam bisnis menyangkut apa yang dinamakan meta-etika.
2. Menyoroti moralitas sistem ekonomi pada umumnya serta sistem ekonomi suatu negara pada khususnya.
3. Meluas melampaui bidang etika
4. Menelaah teori ekonomi dan organisasi.
Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa dunia etika adalah dunia filsafat, nilai dan moral. Sedangkan dunia bisnis adalah dunia keputusan dan tindakan. Etika berkenaan dengan persoalan baik atau buruk, sedangkan bisnis adalah dunia konkrit dan harus mewujudkan apa yang telah diputuskan. Hakikat moral adalah tidak merugikan orang lain. Artinya moral senantiasa bersifat positif atau mencari kebaikan. Dengan demikian sikap dan perbuatan dalam konteks etika bisnis yang dilakukan oleh semua orang yang terlibat, akan menghasilkan sesuatu yang baik atau positif, bagi yang menjalankannya maupun bagi yang lain. Sikap dan perbuatan yang seperti itu tidak akan menghasilkan situsai “win-lose”, tetapi akan menghasilkan situasi “win-win”.
Apabila moral adalah nilai yang mendorong seseorang untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesutau, maka etika adalah rambu-rambu atau patokan yang ditentukan oleh pelaku atau kelompoknya. Karena moral bersumber pada budaya masyarakat, maka moral dunia usaha nasional tidak bisa berbeda dengan moral bangsanya. Moral pembangunan haruslah juga menjadi moral bisnis pengusaha Indonesia.
Selain itu, etika bisnis juga membatasi keuntungan, sebatas tidak merugikan masyarakat. Kewajaran merupakan ukuran yang relatif, tetapi harus senantiasa diupayakan.
Etika bisnis bisa mengatur bagaimana keuntungan digunakan. Meskipun keuntungan merupakan hak, tetapi penggunaannya harus pula memperhatikan kebutuhan dan keadaan masyarakat sekitar. Jadi etika bisnis yang didambakan bagi para pelaku usaha tidak akan dipraktikkan dengan sendirinya oleh kalangan dunia usaha tanpa adanya “aturan main” yang jelas bagi dunia usaha itu sendiri.
Jika tidak menjalankan etika bisnis, taruhannya adalah reputasi dan kepercayaan, sedangkan dalam berbisnis kedua hal tersebut merupakan faktor utama. Hal ini sejalan dengan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan yang dapat menjaga kinerja perusahaan dalam jangka panjang. Karena Etika bisnis merupakan pola bisnis yang tidak hanya peduli pada profitabilitasnya saja, tapi juga memperhatikan kepentingan stakeholder-nya. Etika bisnis tidak bisa terlepas dari etika personal, keberadaan mereka merupakan kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan dan keberadaannya saling melengkapi.
Memahami teori etika pada dasarnya berguna untuk merumuskan dan mengambil nilai-nilai kebenaran, yang oleh individu ataupun masyarakat menjadi dasar bertindak. Tetapi, di sisi lain, pemahaman terhadap etika bisa juga berfungsi untuk menggeledah nilai-nilai kebenaran yang selama ini dianggap sudah mapan. Apapun fungsinya yang diambil, pastilah akan menemukan kenyataan bahwa nilai-nilai kebenaran itu ternyata beragam. Oleh karena itu maka manusia diharapkan dapat bijaksana dalam menerapkan ragam kebenaran secara profesional.
Sehingga dalam dunia bisnis, otonomi, aspek kebebasan dan tanggung jawab menjadi titik pangkal dan landasan operasi bagi bisnis. Hal tersebut tentunya dilakukan prakteknya menggunakan etika dalam berbisnis sebagaimana mestinya, karena semua itu berhubungan dengan manusia baik secara individual maupun kelompok dalam hal ini terjadi interaksi antar manusia dalam berbisnis.
Atas dasar itu, etika dan tanggung jawab sosial sudah menjadi bagian dari proses perencanaan strategis perusahaan. Bahkan beberapa perusahaan terkemuka sekarang ini sudah mempunyai Code of Conduct dan juga sudah mempunyai kode etika perusahaan yang dipatuhi oleh semua karyawan.
Sebagai proses, sistem, struktur, dan aturan yang memberikan suatu nilai tambah bagi perusahaan good coporate governance memiliki prinsip- prinsip sebagai berikut :
a. Fairness (keadilan)
Keadilan adalah kesetaraan perlakuan dari perusahaan terhadap pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan sesuai dengan kriteria dan proporsi yang seharusnya. Dalam hal ini ditekankan agar pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan terhadap perusahaan terlindungi dari kecurangan dan penyalahgunaan kewenangan yang dilakukan oleh orang dalam.
b. Transparency (keterbukaan)
Transparasi adalah keterbukaan dalam melaksanakan suatu proses kegiatan perusahaan. Pengungkapan informasi kinerja perusahaan baik ketepatan waktu maupun akurasinya (keterbukaan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, pengawasan, keadilan, kualitas, standarisasi, efisiesi waktu dan biaya). Dengan transparasi pihak-pihak yang terkait akan dapat melihat dan memehami bagaimana suatu perusahaan dikelolah.
c. Accauntability (akuntabilitas)
Akuntabilitas adalah pertanggung jawaban atas pelaksanaan fungsi dan tugas-tugas sesuai wewenang yang dimiliki oleh seluruh organ perusahaan termasuk pemegang saham. Prinsip ini diwujudkan antara lain dengan menyiapkan laporan keuangan dengan tepat pada waktunya dan dengan cara yang tepat mengembangkan komite audit dan resiko yang mengandung fungsi pengawasan oleh dewan komisaris, mengembangkan dan merumuskan kembali peran dan fungsi internal audit sebai mitra bisnis strategik berdasarkan best parctice bukan sekedar audit.